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HTML University

Science Dept.

Biology BIO 100
Animal Tissues

  1. Hierarchy

    1. Chemical Elements
    2. Simple Inorganic Compounds
    3. Simple Organic Compounds
    4. Complex Organic Compounds
    5. Cellular Structures
    6. Cells
    7. Tissues: Groups of Cells that Perform Similar Functions
    8. Organs
    9. Organisms
    10. Ecosystems

  2. Function of Tissues

    1. General Functions

      1. Protection

      2. Support

      3. Transport/Circulation

      4. Communication

      5. Reproduction

    2. Animal Tissue

      1. Epithelial: Protection

      2. Connective: Support

      3. Muscle: Locomotion

      4. Nerve: Communication

      5. Blood: Circulation

  3. Epithelial Tissue

    1. Function

      1. Protection

      2. Secretion

      3. Absorption

    2. Location

      1. Skin

      2. Lining of Organs

      3. Intestinal Lining

    3. Types by Shape

      1. Squamous: Skin, Inside of Mouth, Body Cavity

      2. Cuboidal: Lining of Special Ducts

      3. Colummar: Lining Tissue of Many Organs

      4. Ciliated Colummar: such as the Lining of the Nasal Passages, Trachea

  4. Connective Tissue

    1. Types of Support Material

      1. Collagen (White) Flexable but Resists Stretching

      2. Elastin (Yellow) Elastic

      3. Bone Material of Calcium Phosphate

    2. Types

      1. Loose or Areolar

        1. Holds Skin to Muscle

        2. Mesentery Membranes Hold Organs of the Body Cavity in Place

        3. Fibroblasts Synthesize the Elastic Fibers of Elastin and the Fibers of Collagen

        4. Macrophages Ingest Foreign Substances

      2. Tendon and Ligament

        1. Tendon Holds Muscle to Bone

        2. Ligament Holds Bone to Bone

        3. Fibroblasts Synthesize Much Collagen and also the Elastic Fibers of Elastin

        4. Macrophages Ingest Foreign Substances

      3. Cartilage

        1. Firm Support Without Rigidity

        2. Hyaline Cartilage of the Nose

        3. Elastic Cartilage Lining the Joints Between Bones

        4. Very Strong Fibrocartilage Lining the Joints Between the Vertebrae

        5. Chondrocytes Secrete Compounds Composed of Polysaccharides and Protein, Synthesize Much Collagen and also the Elastic Fibers of Elastin

        6. Macrophages Ingest Foreign Substances

      4. Bone

        1. Rigid Support

        2. Cells Live in Tiny Chambers (Lacunae) in the Compact Calcified Bone

        3. Lacunae Connected Via Canaliculi

        4. Haversian Canal Main Nutrient Channel from Blood to Canaliculi

        5. Osteocytes Secrete Calcium Phosphate to Form Compact Calcified Bone

      5. Fat Storing or Adipose Tissue

        1. Cells Store Fat

        2. Packing

        3. Storage

        4. Protection

      6. Blood: N.B. Blood Tissue is Connective Tissue Derived from the Same Embryonic Mesoderm Cells

  5. Muscle Tissue

    1. Types by Function

      1. Smooth or Involuntary Muscle Tissue

      2. Striated, "Skeletal" or Voluntary Muscle Tissue

      3. Cardiac or Heart Muscle Tissue

    2. Myosin and Actin

      1. Myofibrils: Contractile Protein Fibers

        1. Myosin Thick Filament

        2. Actin Thin Filament

      2. When the Myosin and Actin Filaments "Rachet" Past Each Other, the Cell Contracts

    3. Non-Striated, Smooth or Involuntary Muscle Tissue

      1. Non-Striated Because of Little Myosin and Actin, Light Passes Through Easily

      2. Nucleus in Center

      3. Tissue Used Almost Continually

      4. Tissue Used for Involuntary Functions, for Example, Peristalsis

      5. Tissue Shows Little to No Fatigue

    4. Striated, "Skeletal" or Voluntary Muscle Tissue

      1. Striated Because of Much Myosin and Actin, Light Passes Through Showing Bands of Light and Dark

      2. Nuclei Near Cell Membrane

      3. Tissue Used for Voluntary Functions

      4. Attached to Skeleton Via Tendons

      5. Tissue Shows Fatigue

    5. Cardiac or Heart Muscle Tissue

      1. Striated Because of Much Myosin and Actin, Light Passes Through Showing Bands of Light and Dark

      2. Similar to Striated but Nucleus in Center

      3. Begins Rhythmic Contractions During Embrionic Development and Continues Until Death

      4. Medulla Operates These Tissues

      5. Tissue Shows Little to No Fatigue

  6. Nerve Tissue

    1. Neuron Is the Functional Unit

      1. Cell Body and Filamentous Extensions

      2. The Connunication Chain: Extensions Associate With Similar Extensions From Other Neurons

    2. Neuron

      1. Dendrites

      2. Cell Body

      3. Axon

      4. Synaptic Knobs

      5. N.B. Cellular Structures, from Dendrites, to Axons, to Knobs, Sometimes Extend to Over 1 M in Length

    3. The Nerve Impulse

      1. In the Neuron: The Nerve Impulse Travels along the Cell Membrane from a Dendrite to the Axon

        1. At Start

          1. High K+1 Ion Concentration in the Cell

          2. High Na+1 Ion Concentration outside of the Cell

        2. The Impulse

          1. K+1 Ion Rush out of the Cell

          2. Na+1 Ion Rush into the Cell

      2. Neuron to Neuron: The Axon of one Cell Excites Dendrites of the Next Cell

        1. Acetylcholine and Acetylcholinesterase (or Cholinesterase) Play Important Roles

        2. The Impulse

          1. Acetylcholine is Released by the Synaptic Knobs of One Neuron and Excites the Dendrites of the Next Neuron

          2. Cholinesterase, an Enzyme, Breaks Down Acetylcholine into Non-Reactive Components, Therefore the Next Neuron Is Not Continually Excited

  7. Blood Tissue

    1. Background

      1. Blood Tissue is Connective Tissue Derived from the Same Embryonic Mesoderm Cells

      2. Transportation for Nutrients, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Metabolic Wastes, Hormones, Proteins

      3. Several Cell Types Carried in a Plasma

    2. Non-Cellular Plasma Contains

      1. Water
      2. Dissolved Salts
      3. Nutrients
      4. Hormones
      5. Gases
      6. Antibodies
      7. Certain Proteins

        1. Serum Albumin (Synthesized in Liver)
        2. Serum Globulin (Synthesized in Liver)
        3. Complement
        4. Fibrinogen (Necessary for Clotting)

    3. Blood Cells

      1. In man the Cell Components Comprise 45%, Plasma the Rest

      2. Red Blood Cells (RBCs), or Erythrocytes

        1. Background

          1. Small, Biconcave
          2. Produced in Bone Marrow
          3. In Man, the Cells Have No Nucleus

        2. Function

          1. In Vertebrates the O2 Carrying Cells Are (RBCs)

      3. White blood Cells (WBCs) or Leucocytes

        1. Background

          1. Larger than RBCs
          2. Produced in Bone Marrow or Lymph System
          3. Have a Nucleus

        2. Function

          1. Ingestion of Bacteria and Foreign Matter
          2. Ingestion of Wastes
          3. Ingestion of Damaged Tissue

        3. Morphology and Classification

          1. Granular Leucocytes from Bone Marrow

            1. Neutrophils - Phagocytes
            2. Eosinophils - Remove Toxic Substances, Produce Immunity Reactions
            3. Basophils - Release Anticoagulants

          2. Agranular Leucocytes from Bone Marrow and from Lymph System

            1. Lymphocytes - Some Are NK Natural Killer Cells, Some Produce Antibodies
            2. Monocytes - Phagocytes

      4. Platelets

        1. Fragments of Megakaryocytes Produced in Bone Marrow

        2. Platelets Contain Thromboplastin Essential for Blood Clotting

          1. Thromboplastin Escapes from Damaged Platelets
          2. Thromboplastin in the Presence of Ca2+ Activates Prothrombin into Thrombin
          3. Thrombin Activates Fibrinogen into Fibrin
          4. Fibrin Creates Clot
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