HTML University

Science Dept.

Biology BIO 100
Immunity and Defense

1. Topics
   1. Ecology
      
   2. Skin & Certain Cell Secretions
      
   3. Macrophages in the Connective Tissue
      
   4. Phagocytosis by the Macrophage WBCs
      
   5. Antigens and Antibodies
      
   6. Interferon
      
   7. Allergy
      
   8. Organ Transplants And Problems of Rejection

2. Ecology on Skin

3. Skin & Certain Cell Secretions Act as First Barrier to the Entrance of Germs or Other Foreign Substances

4. Macrophages in the Connective Tissue Under Skin

5. Phagocytosis by the Macrophage WBCs
   1. Macrophage WBCs
      1. Neutrophils

      2. Monocytes

      3. T Lymphocytes

      4. NK Lymphocytes

6. Antigens and Antibodies
   1. Background
      1. Antigens Are Foreign Substances
         1. Bacterial Cells
            
         2. Viruses
            
         3. Poisonous Compounds or Toxins
            
         4. Foreign Proteins

      2. Antibodies Neutralize Antigens
         1. Each Antigen Brings About the Formation of a Specific Antibody

         2. The Reaction Between an Antigen and an Antibody Results in Neutralization
            1. Covering the Active Sites of an Antigen
               
            2. Clumping
               
            3. Precipatating
               
            4. Breaking Up of Cells
               
            5. Assisting in Phagocytosis

   2. Examples
      1. Lymphocytes
         1. B Lymphocytes Create Antibodies Against Invaders, Toxins - The Humoral Immune Response

         2. NK Natural Killer Lymphocytes Phage Antibody Tagged Invaders

         3. T Lymphocytes Destroy Own Organisms Cells that Are Invaded - The Cell-Mediated Response

      2. Complement Systems
         1. Cascade System Involving Plasma Proteins (Including Zymogens)

         2. The Resultant Proteins Cause Invaders to Swell, Burst and Die

7. Interferon
   1. Protein Produced by an Individual's Cells in Response to the Invasion of a Virus

   2. The Interferon is Released from Infected Cells and the Cells Nearby Gain Resistance to the Viruses

   3. Nearby Cells then Produce Proteins which Prevent the Replication of the Viruses

8. Allergy
   1. Antibodies Are Produced after First Invasion of Antigen (E.G. Wasp Poison)

   2. The Second Invasion Triggers the Release of Numerous Antibodies which May Be Harmful to the Indvidual's Cells

9. Organ Transplants And Problems of Rejection
   1. Initial Calibration: The Recognition of Self Is Learned Early in Embryonic Development

   2. Later as an Adult Tissue Will Be Rejected from Another Organism by Reaction Against the Donor's Cell Surface Proteins
      1. B Lymphocyte Cells Via a Humoral Response

      2. T Lymphocyte Cells Via a Cell-Mediated Response