HTML University

Science Dept.

Biology BIO 100
Origin of Life

1. Origin of Universe
   1. Steady State

   2. Expansion and Contraction

   3. Element Abundance
      1. Universe: H = 76%, He = 23%, by Weight or H = 93%, He = 6% by Atom

      2. Entire Earth: 90% Fe, O Si, Mg, by Weight

      3. Crust: O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, by Weight

      4. Origin of Elements

   4. Galaxies: 50% Stars 50% Gas

   5. Size of a Galaxy: (Light Year = 5.879 x 10¹² miles)

2. Solar Systems
   1. Primary Star - 1st Generation Star
      1. Origin of a Star
         1. Gas cloud - Adibiatic Contraction - Laplace 1796

         2. Gravity, Electrical and Magnetic Forces are Involved

      2. H - H fusion -> He

      3. Creation of Heavier Elements: (Tc)

      4. Nova and Exiting of Heavier Elements

   2. Secondary Star - 2nd Generation Star +/- Planets
      1. Evolution of Atmospheres

3. Our Solar System
   1. Our Solar system ~ 5 Billion years BP

   2. Original Atmospheres (Jupiter Type): NH₃, CH₄, H₂, He, H₂O

   3. Process of Change: Photochemical

   4. Second Atmosphere (Venus Type): CO₂, N₂, H₂O

   5. Process of Change: Photosynthesis and Carbon Sinks

   6. Third Atmosphere (Earth Type): N₂, O₂, CO₂, H₂O

4. Original Atmosphere and Biomolecules
   1. Miller's Experiment
      1. Amino Acids

      2. Fatty Acid

      3. Formic Acid

   2. Fox & Windsor
      1. Ammonia and Formaldehyde

      2. Seven Different Amino Acids by Heating Ammonia and Formaldehyde

   3. Orgel
      1. Primitive Atmospheric Gasses + Frozen H2O -> Adenine (part of DNA & RNA)

   4. Coaservet Droplets/Proteinoid Microspheres

5. Larger Biomolecules
   1. Polymers of Amino Acids = Proteinoids (Fox, Heating of Amino Acids)

   2. Microspheres - See Coaservet Droplets (Fox, Water Over Hot Proteinoids)

   3. Sugars: UV Radiation of Formaldehyde (H₂C=O)

   4. Synthesis of Purines & Pyrimidines, 4 Compounds Needed in DNA, Formed in Experiments with "Prebiotic" Conditions
      1. Purines
         1. Adenine
         2. Guanine

      2. Pyrimidines
         1. Thymine
         2. Cytosine

6. Self Replicating
   1. Nucleotides
      1. Ribose - N Base
         |
         Phoshate

   2. Nucleic Acids
      1. DNA on Genes

      2. RNA

   3. Synthesis of Genes
      1. Kornberg - Synthesis of DNA (1958, Nobel Prize 1959), Synthesis of Viral DNA(1967)

      2. Khorana - Synthesis of Yeast Gene (1970), Synthesis of Bacteria Gene (1973), Fully Functional Bacteria Gene (1976)

7. Cells
   1. Procaryotic

   2. Eucaryotic

8. Kritters
   1. During Primary Atmosphere
      1. First Kritters Could Have Lived by Fermentation of Organic Molecules

      2. No Oxygen to Destroy Biomolecules

   2. First Atmosphere ->Second Atmosphere
      1. NH₃ & CH₄ Are Becoming Scarce & CO₂ Was Becoming Abundant

      2. Photosynthetic Kritters and Chemical Changes -> Change CO₂ to O₂

   3. Third Atmosphere
      1. Nitrogen, N₂ and Oxygen, O₂

      2. Formation of Ozone, O₃, and Screen for UV, Possibly During the Silurian Period

      3. Respiring Kritters

9. Life on Other Worlds
   1. Each Galaxy Has 10 to 100 Billion Stars

   2. Suppose a Few Have Planets

   3. There Are Millions of Galaxies

   4. How Many Earths?