HTML University

Science Dept.

Biology BIO 100
Plant Tissues

1. Hierarchy
   1. Chemical Elements
      
   2. Simple Inorganic Compounds
      
   3. Simple Organic Compounds
      
   4. Complex Organic Compounds
      
   5. Cellular Structures
      
   6. Cells
      
   7. Tissues: Groups of Cells that Perform Similar Functions
      
   8. Organs
      
   9. Organisms
      
   10. Ecosystems

2. Function of Tissues
   1. General Functions
      1. Protection

      2. Support

      3. Transport/Circulation

      4. Communication

      5. Reproduction

   2. Plant Tissue Is Named According to Its Location and Function
      1. Meristematic: Growth

      2. Vascular: Conduction

      3. Fundamental: Storage and Support

      4. Epidermal: Protection

      5. Reproduction

3. Meristematic Tissue
   1. All Tissues from Seed Plants Differentiate from a Rapidly Dividing Group of Cells Called Meristematic

   2. Types
      1. Apical

      2. Cambium

   3. Apical
      1. "At the Tip": Buds, Twigs

      2. Tip of Roots

   4. Cambium
      1. Cambium Differentiates into Vascular Tissue
         1. Xylem

         2. Phloem

4. Vascular Tissue
   1. Xylem
      1. Water and Inorganic Nutrients from the Roots

      2. Tracheids Are Found in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

      3. Vessels Are Found Only in Angiosperms

   2. Phloem
      1. Water and Organic Nutrients from the Leaves

      2. Phloem Cells Have No Nuclei

      3. Sieve Plates

      4. Companion Cells Have Nuclei

   3. Mosses and Liverworts Do Not Have Vascular Tissue

5. Fundamental Tissue
   1. Functions
      1. Food Making

      2. Storage

      3. Support

   2. Parenchyma
      1. Thin Walled, Living

      2. Food Making, Some Storage, Some Support

      3. For Example the Palisades Cells in a Leaf

   3. Collenchyma
      1. Tough Walled (Pectin Compounds), Living

      2. Storage of Food - Starch

      3. Elastic, Non-Rigid Support

   4. Sclerenchyma
      1. Rigid Support

      2. At Maturity Cells Die to Perform Function

      3. For Example the Hard Nut Covering

6. Epidermal Tissue
   1. The Cuticle
      1. Waxy Coating of Cutin Can Be Prominant on Upper Surface

      2. A Cellular Product

   2. Upper Epidermal
      1. Flat, Polyhedral Cells Organized into a Sheath

      2. One to Three Layers Thick

   3. Lower Epidermal
      1. Waxy Coating of Cutin on Lower Surface

      2. Flat, Polyhedral Cells Organized into a Sheath

      3. Guard Cells and the Stomata
         1. Regulate Gas Exchange

         2. Two Large Cells Regulate Solute Concentration and Therefore Osmosis
            1. Polysaccharides --> Monosaccharides
               Increase Solute Concentration, Water Enters and Cells Swell, Enlarge Stoma

            2. Monosaccharides --> Polysaccharides
               Decrease Solute Concentration, Water Leaves and Cells Shrink, Close Stoma