HTML University

Science Dept.

Chemistry CHE 100 Notes
P. Solutions

1. Definitions for Solutions
   1. Solution: Homogeneous mixture throughout

   2. Solvent: The quantity of a solution in greater amount

   3. Solute: The quantity of a solution in lesser amount

   4. N.B. in water (H₂O) hydrogen bonding is an important nature of the the solvent

2. Types of Solutions
   1. Gas in a Gas

   2. Gas in a Liquid

   3. Liquid in a Liquid

   4. Solid in a Liquid

   5. Liquid in a Solid

   6. Solid in a Solid

3. Factors Affecting Solubility (usually given as mg/l at a particular T and P)
   1. Properties of the Solvent and Solute

   2. Temperature
      1. For a Solid

      2. For a Gas

   3. Pressure
      1. For a Solid

      2. For a Gas

4. Factors Affecting Rate of Solution
   1. Particle Size

   2. Temperature

   3. Mechanical Mixing

5. Solutions
   1. Saturated: A solution that can coexist with excess solute

   2. Unsaturated: Less than saturated

   3. Supersaturated: Greater than saturated. N.B.: Unstable, excess solute will precipitate out of solution

6. Concentrations
   1. % by Volume = [(Volume of Solute) / (Volume of Solvent + Volume of Solute)] x 100

   2. % by Weight or Mass = [(Mass of Solute) / (Mass of Solvent + Mass of Solute)] x 100

   3. m or molality = (Moles of Solute) / (One Kilogram of Solvent)

   4. M or Molarity = (Moles of Solute) / (One Liter of Solution)

   5. N or Normality = (Equivalents of Solute) / (One Liter of Solution)
      1. 1 M of HCl = 1 N of HCl

      2. 1 M H₂SO₄ = 2 N H₂SO₄

      3. 1 M of NaOH = 1 N of NaOH

      4. 1 M of Ca(OH)₂ = 2 N of Ca(OH)₂