HTML University

Science Dept.

Geology and Soils GEO 100 Notes
Introduction to Energy and Matter

1. Origin of Universe
   1. Steady State

   2. Expansion & Contraction

   3. Element Abundance
      1. Universe: H = 76%, He = 23%, by Weight or H = 93%, He = 6% by Atom

      2. Entire Earth: 90% Fe, O Si, Mg, by Weight

      3. Crust: O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, by Weight

      4. Origin of Elements

2. Solar System
   1. Primary Star

   2. Secondary Star

   3. Evolution of Atmospheres

   4. Earth Type Atmosphere

3. Energy
   1. Kinetic Energy

   2. Gravitational Potential Energy

   3. Thermal Energy

   4. Chemical

   5. Nuclear Transformation & Conservation
      1. Solar -> Hydrologic

      2. Solar -> Wind

      3. Nuclear -> Volcanism

4. Matter
   1. Atomos - Democritus

   2. Sub - Atomic Particles
      1. Proton

      2. Neutron

      3. Electron

   3. Elements
      1. Hydrogen

      2. Helium

   4. Isotopes
      1. Hydrogen

      2. Deuteruim

      3. Tritium

   5. Ions
      1. Na⁺

      2. Cl^-

   6. Ionic Bond: Electrostatic Force of Attraction

   7. Covalent bond: Sharing of Electrons (H₂O)

5. States of Matter
   1. Gases

   2. Liquid

   3. Solids
      1. True Solids vs Amorphous Solids

6. Minerals
   1. Introduction

   2. General
      1. 2000 Minerals

      2. 30 - 40 Rock Forming & Ore Minerals

   3. Characteristics
      1. Physical

      2. Chemical

      3. X-ray

      4. Optical

   4. Definition: A naturally occuring inorganic material with a definite internal order and arrangement of its constituent atoms having definite chemical and phyical properties (which may vary within known limits)