HTML University

Science Dept.

Geology and Soils GEO 100 Notes
Groundwater

1. Hydrologic Cycle

2. PPT = R + GW + E + T + SOIL MOISTURE

3. Environments
   1. Porespace

   2. Fractures and Fissures

   3. Underground Rivers

4. Sources of Ground Water
   1. Meteoric

   2. Magmatic

   3. Connate

5. Some Important Terms
   1. Porosity

   2. Permeability - Interconnected Pore Space

6. Free Case
   1. Zone of Aeration

   2. Zone of Saturation

   3. Water Table

   4. Aquifer

   5. Aquifer Recharge

   6. Cone of Depression

   7. Safe Yield

   8. Perched Water Table

   9. Clay Lens

   10. Influent Seepage from a Stream

   11. Effluent Seepage
       1. To a Stream

       2. To a Spring

       3. To a Marsh

   12. Salt Water Encroachment

   13. Water Spreading

7. Confined Case
   1. Aquifer

   2. Aquifer Recharge

   3. Aquiclude

   4. Artesian Well

   5. Pieziometric Surface

   6. Aquifer Setting

   7. Safe Yield

8. Karst Topography
   1. Solution of Limestone
      1. H₂O + CO₂ --> H₂CO₃ Carbonic Acid

      2. H₂CO₃ + CaCO₃ --> Ca(HCO₃)₂

   2. Need
      1. Soluble Bedrock, eg. Limestone, Marble

      2. Humid Area

      3. Thinnly Bedded and Fractured Bedrock

      4. Drainage

   3. Characteristics of Karst Topography
      1. Caverns
         1. Stalactites

         2. Statagmites

      2. Sink Holes

      3. Springs

      4. Disappearing Streams